{"id":5964,"date":"2026-08-25T13:45:08","date_gmt":"2026-08-25T13:45:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crosscountrymovingteams.com\/?p=5964"},"modified":"2026-08-25T13:45:08","modified_gmt":"2026-08-25T13:45:08","slug":"ais-land-problem-is-pushing-data-centers-into-the-ocean","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/crosscountrymovingteams.com\/?p=5964","title":{"rendered":"AI\u2019s land problem is pushing data centers into the ocean"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Some developers are now exploring the ocean as a new location for AI infrastructure in the hopes that underwater data centers could improve energy use and cooling efficiency while using less fresh water and land area than onshore buildings.<\/p>

Read more Harvard\u2019s $699 startup bootcamp has professors who never sleep\u2013but that\u2019s because they\u2019re AI clones<\/a><\/p>\n

My research focuses on the societal, organizational and environmental implications of emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence and the digital infrastructure \u2013 including data centers \u2013 that supports its development and deployment. I see underwater data centers as a promising new approach for supporting the growth of AI.<\/p>

<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

But moving servers into the ocean does not make other underlying environmental challenges such as energy consumption and carbon emissions disappear. And it creates new concerns about harm to the marine environment, as well as questions about how these data centers can be regulated \u2013 and how companies can maintain and expand them if needed. Whether underwater data centers can become sustainable alternatives to traditional data centers depends on solving these economic, technical and environmental problems.<\/p>\n\n

\"A<\/figure>\n
An underwater data center is under construction in a Chinese shipyard in September 2025. CN-STR \/ AFP via Getty Images<\/figcaption>\n

The rise of ocean-based AI infrastructure<\/h2>\n

In 2015, Microsoft launched a research project to explore the feasibility, benefits and challenges of underwater data centers. Part of that effort included setting up a waterproof data center on the seafloor near Scotland\u2019s Orkney Islands in 2018. It contained 864 servers and was connected to shore by an underwater cable.<\/p>\n

After two years, Microsoft reported that the servers in the underwater data center failed at about one-eighth the rate of servers in comparable land-based data centers. The company is still studying the possible reasons but hypothesizes that in a sealed underwater environment the equipment is less exposed to oxygen, humidity and temperature fluctuations \u2013 as well as less jostling from people working to replace broken components.<\/p>\n

However, Microsoft ended the project in 2024 and chose not to build more underwater data centers. The company didn\u2019t say why, but others\u2019 analyses suggest the reasons could include regulatory concerns, including the need for environmental permits, as well as a desire for faster upgrades and replacements for the computer equipment inside.<\/p>\n

Instead the company has focused on land-based data centers, which can be larger and easier to expand, and also easier to access to repair or replace equipment.<\/p>\n

Others have moved ahead, though. China built what may be the world\u2019s first wind-powered underwater data center in Shanghai. The facility launched in June 2025 and began full commercial operations in May 2026.<\/p>\n

The US$226 million project uses seawater as a coolant rather than have to refrigerate fresh water, reducing the electricity required to cool the computers. It uses at least 30% less electricity than traditional data centers, and offshore wind turbines reduce reliance on fossil fuels and cut the data center\u2019s carbon emissions.<\/p>\n

Japan is testing a different approach: Data centers housed in containers on floating platforms at sea can use seawater for cooling, have unobstructed conditions for solar panels and wind turbines, and reduce demand for land. In 2025, a data center in shipping containers opened on a floating platform near Yokohama. Its power comes from solar panels installed on the same floating platform, with batteries providing energy storage. The test will continue through March 2027.<\/p>\n

Singapore is also moving toward commercial-scale floating data centers. In 2026, infrastructure company Keppel began building a four-story floating data center, scheduled to open in 2028. The project will use seawater for cooling, reducing reliance on treated water and improving cooling efficiency. And the fact that it floats means it won\u2019t take up any of Singapore\u2019s limited land availability.<\/p>\n

In 2025, Ulsan, South Korea, began planning an underwater data center that could house more than 100,000 servers and use 30% less power than land-based centers by using seawater for cooling.<\/p>

Read more The Fed doesn\u2019t know who\u2019s financing the $3 trillion AI boom<\/a><\/p>\n

In Maine, DeepGreen Western Passage has proposed a submersible AI data center in the Bay of Fundy, powered by tidal turbines designed to harness the area\u2019s strong tidal currents.<\/p>\n

Land-based data centers could also take advantage of seawater cooling. In Portugal, the SIN01 AI data center in Sines uses seawater from the Atlantic to cool its servers before returning it to the ocean.<\/p>\n\n

\"A<\/figure>\n
An artist\u2019s depiction of a floating data center in Yokohama, Japan. Yokohama City Government via Japan News<\/figcaption>\n

The promise of ocean-based data centers<\/h2>\n

These various approaches offer ways to reduce demand for grid-supplied electricity for powering data centers\u2019 computers and cooling equipment, as well as using less fresh water.<\/p>\n

The distance from people\u2019s homes could also be an advantage for data centers in or on the ocean. A Gallup poll in March 2026 found that 70% of Americans oppose building AI data centers in their communities. However, more than half of the world\u2019s population lives within 120 miles of a coast. Underwater could be another way to keep data centers physically close to users for speedy service.<\/p>\n

Maintenance, though, is a major challenge. If a computer fails underwater, it cannot be repaired or replaced on site. The entire sealed data center module may need to be brought to the surface, even if just one computer needs work.<\/p>\n\n

\"A<\/figure>\n
Land-based data centers are easier to maintain and expand than floating or underwater data centers. Yasuyoshi Chiba \/ AFP via Getty Images<\/figcaption>\n

Can the ocean sustain AI?<\/h2>\n

The main environmental concern about ocean-based data centers involves the seawater used for cooling. Discharging warm or hot water can potentially affect oxygen levels, pH and marine life in the surrounding waters.<\/p>\n

That heat is already apparent at the few seaborne data centers now operating. HiCloud, the engineering contractor for China\u2019s Hainan underwater data center, has reported a temperature increase of less than 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) in the seawater near the facility. SIN01 in Sines, Portugal, also returns seawater about 1 C warmer.<\/p>\n

Many marine species depend on stable water temperatures for breeding, feeding and migration, raising concerns that heat released by multiple underwater data centers could create localized thermal pollution and alter marine ecosystems. And the ocean is already under pressure. UNESCO, the United Nations agency for international cooperation, including in conservation, estimates that about 60% of marine ecosystems are already degraded or used unsustainably.<\/p>\n

The ocean is already warming along with the atmosphere, without additional waste heat from data centers. That additional heat is already threatening coral reef and mangrove ecosystems, seagrasses and other aspects of the marine food web. As that warming continues, ocean waters will be less useful for cooling electronic equipment in some regions.<\/p>\n

Underwater data centers could help AI grow while easing some of the pressure on land, energy and water. But the real test is whether the ocean can become AI\u2019s next computing frontier without becoming its next environmental problem.<\/p>\n

Nir Kshetri, Professor of Management, University of North Carolina \u2013 Greensboro<\/em><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.<\/em><\/p>

Read more Trump readies a new tariff to punish China for its flood of cheap exports\u2014without endangering his trade truce or his summit with Xi Jinping<\/a><\/p>\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n<\/figurlazyload><\/figurlazyload><\/figurlazyload><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

With 70% of Americans opposed to data centers in their communities, companies from China to Singapore are betting on seawater cooling and offshore siting.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5959,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5964","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data-centers"],"yoast_head":"\nAI\u2019s land problem is pushing data centers into the ocean - Cross Country Moving Team<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/crosscountrymovingteams.com\/?p=5964\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"AI\u2019s land problem is pushing data centers into the ocean - 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